Western Humanities post

Giuseppe Verdi_ENFJ·Gyeongjin.

Giuseppe Verdi_ENFJ·Gyeongjin.

By nomadsirius|2024-04-25T14:24:04+09:00April 25th, 2024|Western Humanities post|

When the lineage of the Farnese family came to an end, the Duchy of Parma in Northern Italy passed to the Spanish monarchy. After the War of the Polish Succession (1733-1735), the Austrian Grand Duchy took control of the Duchy of Parma and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. In the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748), the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle allowed Spain's Philip V to regain Parma. He then entrusted the Duchy of Parma to his third son, Philip I (1748-1765). Although Ferdinand I (1765-1802), Philip I's eldest son, succeeded to the Duchy of Parma, Napoleon, through the Treaty of Aranjuez (1801) with Spain, acquired Louisiana and the Duchy of Parma. Napoleon, after deposing Ferdinand I, installed Louis I as the King of Etruria. In 1806, the secret society "Carbonari" was formed in Italy to promote liberal ideas. Following Napoleon's downfall, in 1814, the Duchy of Parma was ruled not by the Farnese family of Bourbon but by Marie Louise (1814-1847), the daughter of Francis II and Napoleon's second wife, who became the Duchess of Parma. Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901), who was born in Le Roncol near Busseto in the Duchy of Parma, has daily pillar of Gyeongjin庚辰.. The fruit of Gyeonggeum庚金 is symbolized by the transition from the completion of Sinjain申子辰 moveme of the golden fruit (庚金) to the beginning of the triad movement of Sayuchuk巳酉丑. When Imsu壬水 releases Shingeum辛金, the seed held by Sulto戌土, and changes the form of the object into a living tree, the radiated energy of Gye’s water癸水 breathes vitality. He has an image of Gyeong’s metal庚金 going on a grand journey to bring about the fruits of Singeum辛金. As Geumqi金氣 in the monthly branch commands the storage of fruition, he shines in the great cycle of fire火 that refines the abundant golden energy. Verdi's MBTI, as an ENFJ, reflects his leadership qualities in promoting ethical and cooperative behavior. His primary function of external feeling (Fe) enabled him to seek harmony within groups based on his consideration for others, while his auxiliary function of internal intuition (Ni) allowed him to perceive thoughts as part of a larger pattern.

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Johann Sebastian Bach_ISTJ·Jeongmi.

Johann Sebastian Bach_ISTJ·Jeongmi.

By nomadsirius|2024-03-30T17:31:39+09:00March 30th, 2024|Western Humanities post|

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) was born in Eisenach, a town in the Electorate of Saxony in present-day Germany. Eisenach is a city in central Germany, located in the state of Thuringia. There is a connection between Eisenach and Martin Luther (1483-1546), who, after being condemned by the Papacy, sought refuge in the Wartburg Castle in Eisenach and translated the Latin Bible into German during his youth. Contrary to the Papal authority that surpassed the authority of the Bible, Luther emphasized a subjective faith based on grace and faith, surpassing the authority of the Bible. While the Catholic Church and Calvinism emphasized the organization and administration of the church, the Lutheran Church emphasized the autonomy and individuality of the congregation, facing the limits of its growth. John Calvin (1509-1564) emphasized predestination based on the Epistle to the Ephesians, differentiating the Lutheran Church and emerging as a counterbalance to the Roman Catholic Church. Bach, whose daily pillar is Jeongmi, stores the achievements brought about by the passion of Jeong’s fire as the fruits of Mito. He has an image that concentrates the longing for the heavens of Jeong fire's purification in the world's stage, the Mi Earth. The heat of the purified Jeong fire, cooled by the cold Chuk’s soil of the annual branch and the moist Gi’s soil of the monthly stem and branch, converges through a process of containment, sacrificing itself to illuminate the world's darkness. As his physical strength is weak, when the Sinyusul‘s great cycle and Haejachuk’s great cycle occur, he bring forth the Metal born from Water, the Water born from Wood, and the Wood born from Fire, radiating the light of existence. Bach's MBTI is a pure and realistic logician, an ISTJ. Using introverted sensing (Si), he excels in imprinting subjective experiences into a sense of responsibility through repetitive tasks. His extraverted thinking (Te) prefers efficient and systematic work with precise focus and patience.

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Ludwig van Beethoven_INTJ·Gyemyo.

Ludwig van Beethoven_INTJ·Gyemyo.

By nomadsirius|2024-03-30T01:34:53+09:00March 30th, 2024|Western Humanities post|

The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which concluded the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), laid the foundation for the modern nation-state system in Europe. As per the Peace of Westphalia, the Holy Roman Empire fragmented into a confederation of over 300 sovereign states and autonomous cities. Although not unified as a single kingdom, entities like the Austrian Empire, Duchy of Brandenburg, Kingdom of Bavaria, Archbishopric of Cologne, and Duchy of Saxony asserted their power as independent sovereign entities. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was born in December 1770 in Bonn, the capital of the Electorate of Cologne, which was a pre-electoral state within the Holy Roman Empire. Born on the day of Gyemyo, Beethoven possessed a unique spiritual energy that overflowed with the power to enrich the world. Gye’s water is the space of the spirit that radiates, and Myo’s wood is the energy that spreads vitality, so they become dew on the grass blades and pour out brilliant light. He has an image in which the growth energy of Gye’s water, which is based on Mu’s soil of the monthly stem, increases the vitality of Eul’s wood in the storage of fruition. Despite appearing physically passive, he is powerful because he is influenced by Gye’s water of the monthly branch, and when the great cycle of Siksang's wood energy comes, his talent shines. Beethoven's MBTI personality type is INTJ, known as the "Architect" or "Strategist," characterized by the dominant function of extraverted thinking (Te), which is used to efficiently and systematically plan goals and strategies, and the auxiliary function of introverted intuition (Ni), which is adept at insightfully organizing patterns and rules into a unified whole. Beethoven's childhood was pitiful and poignant. His father exploited his talent to earn money for alcohol, and the harsh treatment from various teachers left deep scars. To cope with external pain, he retreated into his own world, seeking solace and refuge. Due to his underdeveloped tertiary function, introverted feeling (Fi), Beethoven prioritized his own emotions and values. At the age of twelve in 1782, Beethoven displayed the audacity of a precocious composer with his "Nine Variations on a March by Dressler, WoO 63." From 1787, Beethoven began to experience hearing loss, yet he unleashed tremendous creative energy from his safe inner space, challenging the stale traditions of classical music. Despite losing his hearing due to the influence of the great cycle of wood, the dominant energy of wood, and the leakage of water energy, Beethoven's talent for wood energy persisted, leading him onto the path of greatness with the added force of the wood and fire’s cycle.

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Richard Wagner_ENTJ·Gimi己未.

Richard Wagner_ENTJ·Gimi己未.

By nomadsirius|2024-02-01T09:47:12+09:00February 1st, 2024|Western Humanities post|

In October 1813, during the Battle of Leipzig, the Kingdom of Prussia (part of the German Empire: 1701-1871) allied with Russia and Austria to defeat the French army, which had failed in its Russian campaign. Napoleon, who had lost his position as Emperor, was exiled to the island of Elba. At the Congress of Vienna (1814), convened to settle the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, Prussia took the lead in the unification of more than 300 principalities into 39 federated states, forming the German Confederation. Germany moved beyond the trials of the First Epoch (1770-1829) and positioned itself at the starting point of German unification. Europe reverted to a political order reminiscent of the pre-French Revolution era. Based on the Holy Alliance, Austrian Chancellor Metternich led the Vienna system (1815-1848), suppressing liberalism and nationalism to maintain absolute monarchy. Richard Wagner (1813-1883) was born in Leipzig, Saxony, in May 1813. Wagner was born on Gimi己未 day, possessing his unique ideological system. Gito己土 represents the storage of fruition, while Mito未土 represents the storage of fruit. To bear fruit, he must embark on a long journey to store the seeds of fruition in the ground, symbolizing the process. The excessive dryness of the monthly stem, Jungwha丁火, and the daily branch, Sahwa巳火, along with the earth storage stem of the daily branch, Mito未土, necessitate the absolute need for moisture, Suqi水氣. With an active physique, one should use the Yugeum酉金 annual branch to release Toqi土氣 and await the arrival of moisture, Suqi水氣. Wagner's MBTI is ENTJ, characterized by strong assertions and the use of extroverted thinking (Te) to efficiently and systematically plan goals and strategies. With introverted intuition (Ni) as the auxiliary function, he is adept at perceiving patterns and organizing them into a cohesive whole.

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Traversing the entire history of Britain through comprehensive historiography.

Traversing the entire history of Britain through comprehensive historiography.

By nomadsirius|2024-01-10T23:48:08+09:00January 10th, 2024|Western Humanities post|

Traversing the entire history of Britain through comprehensive historiography. The first inhabitants of Britain were the Celts. Some of these ancient cultural groups, thriving in Central and Western Europe during the Iron Age and its aftermath, arrived in Britain around 800 B.C. The unique language and religion of the Celts dominated the consciousness and subconsciousness of the British people until the establishment of Christianity. In 55 B.C. and 54 B.C., the Romans sent expeditions to Britain but returned. In A.D. 43, Emperor Claudius (A.D. 41-54) of the Roman Empire's Third Dynasty (B.C. 31-A.D. 329) landed in Britain. Claudius, aiming to shake the axis of the world established since Augustus through the message of Jesus, expelled 25,000 Jewish Christians, thus provoking the Roman Empire. Subsequently, the Romans ruled the southern part of the British Isles for about 400 years, Romanizing the Celtic people. Celtic culture blossomed under the dominance of Rome. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, when the Romans departed, the Anglo-Saxons seized control of Britain. The Anglo-Saxons, originally living in the northwest of Europe, had established a foothold in Britain as mercenaries in the Roman army, making them well acquainted with local conditions. Despite the legendary leader King Arthur of the Celtic Britons resisting, the Anglo-Saxons became the new rulers of Britain. The Celtic people dispersed to England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales. The Anglo-Saxons completely eradicated the Celtic language and culture. The Celtic language, known as Celtic, is now mostly unused, with only traces remaining. Remnants of the Celtic religion, Celtic Christianity, can be found only in J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" (1954). The fantasy author Tolkien (1891-1973) discovered the myths and symbols of Celtic Christianity in Scotland and Ireland. Tolkien expressed his inner self through characters like Frodo in his youth and Gandalf in his old age, reflecting on the world through Gollum. In the late 8th century, Scandinavian Vikings began raiding, gaining control of half of Britain for about 300 years. King Alfred the Great of Wessex (886-899), who resisted Viking raids, established his power base in the southern and southwestern parts of England after repelling the Vikings. Ruling the West Saxons, Alfred preserved the Anglo-Saxon identity by documenting the Anglo-Saxon language and history amid coexistence with the Vikings. Basic words from Old English have survived to the present day and become the most commonly used words.

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Modern Aesthetics.

Modern Aesthetics.

By nomadsirius|2024-01-07T22:52:47+09:00January 7th, 2024|Western Humanities post|

Modern Aesthetics. The sensuous Baroque art replaced the rational tendencies of Renaissance aesthetics and dominated the 17th century. Rubens (1577-1640), a master of the Baroque, stands out. In 1604, at the age of 28, Rubens has been deeply inspired during his nine-year journey in Italy, particularly influenced by Caravaggio (1573-1610), a pioneer of Baroque who challenged the Renaissance system. Rubens' art emphasizes visual dynamism over linear sensations and values open innovation over closed stability, striving for overall unity rather than independent diversity. In his painting "Saturn Devouring His Son" (1637), Rubens unleashes dynamic power that breaks free from the framework of Renaissance aesthetics, projecting it onto Kronos (Chronos), the personification of absolute time. In the 17th century, people have laid the foundations of perception based on various principles of modern and natural sciences, ethics, and philosophy, recognizing the great scholastic philosophers at a glance. Objects with a spherical or circular shape change over time as they collide with each other, making them almost non-existent in nature. An ellipse represents the highest harmony and longevity in nature. When Kepler (1571-1630) has introduced the study of elliptical orbits of significant planets, Descartes brings a methodological revolution in science, and Newton's "Principia" ushers in the era of modern civilization. With Cartesian rationalism and Locke's empirical rationalism, rooted in scientific thinking and anthropocentrism, the aesthetics of the modern era emerges. In 1637, René Descartes (1596-1650), a prominent figure in modern Western philosophy, published "Discourse on the Method" at the age of 41, gives birth to Western rationalism with his groundbreaking statement, "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am). Descartes, who inherits Plato's philosophy akin to the Dualism of Principle and Vital Forces, regards reason as the purest attribute of humans, grounding mental substance and material substance as separate entities. He replaces the absoluteness of medieval God with the absoluteness of modern reason. However, he makes an error by dismembering ultimate substance from bodily substance, failing to recognize the existence of the "body as an object" beyond the self.

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Renaissance Aesthetics.

Renaissance Aesthetics.

By nomadsirius|2024-01-01T14:03:05+09:00January 1st, 2024|Western Humanities post|

Renaissance Aesthetics. From the 13th to the 15th century, all generations of insight operate within the confines of the ideas provided by Scholastic philosophy. While Scholastic philosophy provides fundamental concepts, it often proves tiresome as it sought to establish definitive conclusions through the contemplation of ideas. Suddenly, Greek literature, art, mathematics, and science that quietly approache in the beginning are poured forth all at once. Renaissance thinkers, who pursue knowledge with joy rather than Scholastic philosophers, harmonize their learning through the direct experience of ecstasy. The impression of the 14th and 15th centuries is enlightening, but their intellectual capacities are less than those of the 13th century. People of the early Renaissance seem to have regressed to the 10th century because their minds are not clear. However, as the confusion subsides, the insights of Renaissance individuals rise significantly beyond the confines of Scholastic philosophical ideas. Realistic representation, harmony, and balance are resurrected, and Plato's simple imitation and Aristotle's concept of universal imitation resurface as they emulate the ways of the Greeks. Influenced by Scotus and Occam, Cusanus (1401-1464) presents a systematic theory of art, advocating for the principles of classicism and the transformation of medieval art. Cusanus limits human abilities to the world of sensory experience and separates art from religion. Emphasizing the reality of nature and reality, Cusanus highlights the three-dimensionality of proportion and symmetry, as well as the realism expressed through lines and shadows in objects. Under the influence of Cusanus, precise descriptions based on mathematical and scientific methods emphasizing proportion and harmony are preferred.

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Medieval Aesthetics.

Medieval Aesthetics.

By nomadsirius|2023-12-31T22:00:13+09:00December 31st, 2023|Western Humanities post|

Medieval Aesthetics. Medieval aesthetics refers to the concepts and principles concerning art and beauty that developed in medieval Europe during the Middle Ages. Under the influence of Saint Paul, Christianity and religious art dominates the Western medieval period. Paul, who experiences divine revelation in Damascus, writes one of his major works, the Book of Romans, around A.D. 57 after completing his third missionary journey. He traveles extensively from Rome to the southern Mediterranean, envisioning a new community that would spread God's righteousness to the world through the grace of Jesus Christ. As Christianity, under the patronage of Emperor Constantine, expands and gains official recognition, it becomes the central focus of intellectual and spiritual life in medieval Europe. With the decline of the Roman Empire due to invasions by Germanic tribes, the Church and monasteries becomes centers for theological development and learning. Christianity, which expanded through the official recognition of Emperor Constantine, solidifies its doctrines centered on churches and monasteries when the Western Roman Empire collapsed due to Germanic tribes. Plotinus (204-269), a representative of Neoplatonism similar to the dualism of Principle and Vital Forces, believes that behind the visible world lies the One as its ultimate reality. In his work "Enneads," Plotinus expresses the idea that from the overflow of the One, new souls and materials emerges. Augustine (354-430), building on Plotinus's ideas, sees the light of existence, which emanates from the One, as God Himself. He understands evil as a lack of the good, rather than a separate force. Augustine, who emphasizes divine beauty and meaning that transcends the sensory system, establishes a hierarchy of beauty and ugliness based on number, order, proportion, harmony, and unity. He emphasizes the invisible world, asserting that all beauty is an experience of divinity stemming from the immaterial light of God. He views art as a representation of divinity and believes that only artists who have received revelation from God can rectify the disorder in the visible sensory world with God's message. By restraining the allure of the sensuous world, the momentum of mimetic theory in expressing the visible world is diminished.

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Greek Aesthetics.

Greek Aesthetics.

By nomadsirius|2023-12-30T14:59:14+09:00December 30th, 2023|Western Humanities post|

Greek aesthetics is a philosophy that focuses on the essence of beauty, the principles that govern art, and the creation and appreciation of art. Greek philosophy is known for its clarity and rationality. In the bright Mediterranean sunlight, all things become vividly apparent. Greeks, remarkably, seek to uncover almost unbelievable secrets to advance the world. By mining theoretical reason, they aim to remove chaos and replace it with inspiration. The intellect, which favors orderly discernment, is highly regarded. The Greeks, in their pursuit of the ultimate universality of truth, explore and scrutinize everything. With clear definitions and logical consistency, they develop systematic logic. The Greeks seek to integrate all areas of curiosity, including aesthetics, natural sciences, ethics, mathematics, political philosophy, metaphysics, theology, into a unified conceptual framework. Plato (B.C. 427-347) goes to Sicily to assist Dion's political endeavors but fails and spends his life studying mathematics. He observes everything sharply, emerging from the ambiguity of vague boundaries with the precision of abstract thought. Believing in a perfect and abstract realm or the world of Forms (Idea), Plato considers the physical world as nothing more than a flawed reflection. In this context, he views art as a mere imitation of this imperfect physical reality, far removed from the realm of true reality and perfection. Plato's thoughts on aesthetics can be primarily found in his dialogues, especially "The Republic" and "Phaedrus." His approach to aesthetics is deeply rooted in metaphysical and ethical beliefs. Having a somewhat skeptical view of art, Plato believes that art is a form of mimesis (imitation). The simple imitation theory, known as mimesis, is a central concept in his philosophy. From Plato's perspective, the physical world, characterized by imperfection and change, is only a copy or imitation of the non-physical realm. Plato thinks that artists, poets, and creators fundamentally imitate the appearance of objects in the physical world. Plato is critical of art, as he believes it could deceive and corrupt people.

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Aesthetics is.

Aesthetics is.

By nomadsirius|2023-12-29T23:46:32+09:00December 29th, 2023|Western Humanities post|

Aesthetics is. Aesthetics approaches the principles that form the foundation of judgment regarding beauty, the essence of art, and that which is visually or conceptually pleasurable as a philosophy. Therefore, to understand aesthetics, which encompasses various aspects of human perception, creativity, and cultural expression, a profound contemplation of philosophy is required. Both Eastern and Western philosophies have long pondered the mystery of the phenomenal world that manifests through the essence of the universe and its movements. The East focuses on elucidating image-numerology, while the West encompasses ontology and cosmology. Eastern image-numerology provides profound insights into the reality and essence of cosmic transformations. An image is regarded as the universe's embodiment, an empty void devoid of anything. It reveals both the intangible and tangible forms through numerical symbols, where formlessness and form are not absolute. The formless eventually attains the form, and the form, too, disappears. Emptiness, the Supreme Ultimate whose origin is Limitlessness, is distinct from nothingness. Within the empty space, there exists infinite power, substance, and wisdom. Hinduism perceives the emergence of the manifest from the existent within the empty space. The primal power of the empty space points to God as the cosmic creative energy. It is the self-existent I AM within the reality of nature.

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